Transducers: A device that converts one form of energy into another. In ultrasonics, electrical energy is converted to mechanical (sound) energy and visa versa. Modes of Sound Wave Propagation In air, sound travels by the compression and rarefaction of air molecules in the direction of travel. However, in solids, molecules can support vibrations in other directions, hence, a number of different types of sound waves are possible.

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Waves can be characterized in space by oscillatory patterns that are capable of maintaining their shape and propagating in a stable manner. The propagation of waves is often described in terms of what are called “wave modes.” As mentioned previously, longitudinal and transverse (shear) waves are most often used in ultrasonic inspection. However, at surfaces and interfaces, various types of elliptical or complex vibrations of the particles make other waves possible. Some of these wave modes such as Rayleigh and Lamb waves are also useful for ultrasonic inspection.

Hello Project Battle Festival Of Trees more. The table below summarizes many, but not all, of the wave modes possible in solids. Wave Types in Solids Particle Vibrations Longitudinal Parallel to wave direction Transverse (Shear) Perpendicular to wave direction Surface - Rayleigh Elliptical orbit - symmetrical mode Plate Wave - Lamb Component perpendicular to surface (extensional wave) Plate Wave - Love Parallel to plane layer, perpendicular to wave direction Stoneley (Leaky Rayleigh Waves) Wave guided along interface Sezawa Antisymmetric mode Longitudinal and transverse waves were discussed on the previous page, so let's touch on surface and plate waves here.

Surface (or Rayleigh) waves travel the surface of a relatively thick solid material penetrating to a depth of one wavelength. Surface waves combine both a longitudinal and transverse motion to create an elliptic orbit motion as shown in the image and animation below. The major axis of the ellipse is perpendicular to the surface of the solid. As the depth of an individual atom from the surface increases the width of its elliptical motion decreases. Surface waves are generated when a longitudinal wave intersects a surface near the second critical angle and they travel at a velocity between.87 and.95 of a shear wave. Rayleigh waves are useful because they are very sensitive to surface defects (and other surface features) and they follow the surface around curves.